Physician Assisted Death Canada A Sample Case Study †Click Now

Question: Writeabout the Physician Assisted Death in Canada. Answer: Presentation Doctor Assisted Death (PAD) is a questionable issue in Canada as well as internationally. Canada has battled with enactment of doctor helped passing since the 1840s. An a valid example occurred in Alberta in 1941 when Dorothy Ramberg and Victor chose to kill their 2-year old kid who had been determined to have malignant growth. This issue is dubious in light of the fact that it suggests two essential moral conversation starters. One, is it directly for a patient to request a doctor helped passing? Two, is it moral for a specialist to help a patient in doctor helped demise? This examination tries to respond to the inquiry whether the Federal government should, or ought not, pass enactment that would give residents safe access to doctor helped demise in Canada. Doctor helped demise/self destruction allude to a type of willful extermination wherein a specialist purposefully gives the way beyond words a patient and leave the patient to finish the activity. Nonetheless, these way amazing be unequivocally mentioned by the patient. Thought area 7 of the Canadian Charter of rights and opportunities express every person in Canada has rights to freedom, life, and security the nation stays in intersection whether to sanction or illegalise doctor helped passing (Kim and Trudo 337). Sanctioning physical-helped passing is an immediate negation of the Hippocratic Oath. The Oath was defined exclusively to preclude tuning in to solicitations of doctor helped demise and to battle the bad habit ending the life of a patient. As a matter of fact, the Oath is intended to improve better medicinal services, adequate emotionally supportive networks and governments obligation in shielding human life. Hippocratic Oath was thusly intended to monitor the life of the patient and to murder the patient. The Oath is express that a doctor ought not furnish material to a patient with the expectation of executing them (Behuniak 17). Subsequently, a specialist ought not gracefully his/her patient with deadly medications or different materials to help the patient in ending it all. Administering doctor helped demise is in this way an extreme assault on the character and validity of specialists. Physical-helped passing seriously harms notoriety of a doctor and at last dishonors the person in question. Then again, inability to administer doctor helped demise is against the central right of self-articulation. Each patient has a basic right to a clinical choice as a type of self-articulation and articulations of individual self-rule ought to be regarded. Doctor helped passing is, hence, a reliever to an at death's door persistent who is in extreme agony and with no expectation of recuperation. The administration should, subsequently, recognize that such patients have option to pick when to pass on (Landry, et.al., 1494).Law to perceive this option to kick the bucket through doctor helped demise should; anyway have a few confinements. For instance, just the at death's door patients who are in serious agony ought to have the gets to doctor helped demise administrations. Additionally, their wellbeing condition must be surveyed by three qualified specialists who ought to ensure that the patient has under a half year to endure. Besides, a patient must be a grown-up of sound psyche who can settle on self-governing choice to self-control the deadly medication or not. So also, a doctor ought not be permitted to control the medication to the patient rather the patient ought to be permitted to self-direct the deadly medication. Similarly significant why doctor helped demise ought to be authorized is on the grounds that the Supreme Court of Canada has set priority on account of Carter v. Canada. Following this case, Supreme Court of Canada decided that all around educated grown-up who can assent and might be experiencing irremediable and egregious ailment reserve the option to demand for doctor helped passing (Karsoho 194). The Parliamentary Special Joint Committee that was framed to examine the issue concurred with the Supreme Court of Canada. Nonetheless, this advisory group opined that the basis of who should demand for doctor helped passing ought to be expanded. Actually, the basis was reached out to incorporate those experiencing non-terminal disease and those experiencing a mental issue. This priority set by the Judiciary and the Parliament advisory group exhibit regard to one side of self-articulation and articulation of individual life systems. Truth be told, on account of Carter v Canada, the Suprem e Court of Canada underlined the estimation of individual's self-governance or self assurance. Court choice guaranteed that self-assurance is basic when settling on significant clinical choices. Consequently, this privilege should incorporate choices to demand for doctor helped demise. The privilege to self-assurance is consequently good with liberal popular governments like Canada (Menzel, et.al., 468). Then again, administering physical-helped demise on the grounds of regard to one side of self-articulation and empathy is exploitative and heartless toward certain patients. It is obtuse in light of the fact that physical torment of a patient is constrained to a half year. On the off chance that a patient is critically ill and in deplorable physical agony, at that point why specify the hour of such wild physical torment to a half year. Why think finishing the life of a patient is comparable to closure their sufferings (Yao 385). Besides, in the event that the agony is excruciating, why at that point confine such a patient to a half year before mentioning for doctor helped demise; Is it not a grave damage to some patient? Plus, doctors should use the accessible palliative consideration to facilitate the agony of their patients. The current clinical and social consideration should address physical, mental, and the otherworldly torment the patient might be experiencing as opposed to foc using on the physical agony. Additionally, the embodiment of preparing doctors is to offer expectation and to improve a patient vibe. Subsequently, helping understanding end life is in logical inconsistency of why the very specialist was prepared. Likewise, sanctioning doctor helped demise is probably going to eradicate patient's trust in the palliative consideration. This on the grounds that there is no moral differentiation between moral finish of-life rehearses which includes pulling back or retaining treatment or overseeing palliative sedation and the doctor helped passing. Besides, in Canada, there do not have a specialized body which is equipped to direct the act of doctor helped demise (Collins and Brendan 186). Subsequently, as of now, specialists engaged with the bad habit need legitimate preparing and practice without specified norms of training. There additionally do not have a specialist to oversee doctor helped passing for a situation of antagonistic occurring. Endeavor to sanction doctor helped passing along these lines acquaint pointless difficulties with the palliative administrations. Tension will emerge from the way that doctor helped passing is confined for the in critical condition understanding. All things considered, the at death's door patients under palliative consideration have motivation to restless subsequently causing the mental torment. Without a doubt, each patient has an option to self-assurance which is basic in settling on clinical choice. Patients have a definitive option to communicate their educated and free assent on issues addressing their wellbeing (Yao 386). Then again, wellbeing offices have a commitment to tune in and respect patients educated and free assent with respect to their wellbeing. Clinical should respect this privilege of the patient to the degree it is viewed as good and adequate. As per the Supreme Court of Canada, the patients want to kick the bucket ought to be regarded by wellbeing experts; in light of the fact that the privilege to self-determinism/self-governance involves the option to demand for doctor helped passing (Karsoho 194). Regardless of asserting that demand for doctor helped demise is a major right it is obfuscated by so much limitation which is in opposition to the idea of basic rights. On the off chance that it were basic as it hero demands, at that point it would not have limitations. Tolerant with terminal or non-terminal disease at that point ought to have simple access to the administrations of doctor helped demise it was such central. Similarly, if the privilege to self-sufficiency were central, there would be no requirement for society to decide when a patient can conjure this right. The general public has restricted this option to be practiced just when a patient is in serious physical or mental torment. The inquiry which emerges is, does terminal sickness, physical agony, handicap or mental issue presents a more prominent right to self-self-governance or self-determinism? On the off chance that this is the line of reasoning, at that point, individual choice to end it all ought to be perceived as an innate right and along these lines lawful. This will be in concurrence with the self-governance rule which allows an individual the option to pick when to bite the dust or to end his/her life. All things considered, individuals ought to have the inborn option to end it all as they wish. It is in this manner clear from the past contention that enactment that permits option to bite the dust to an area of individuals in the general public and not to others is unfair and assault to the idea of self-governance. For what reason is it at that point if enactment on doctor helped passing was to be instituted it will just give the option to kick the bucket to the handicapped, at death's door or those enduring fro mental confusion. A sensible law never separate. Enactment of doctor helped law gathers that some are less worth living than others. Moreover, it will infer that specialists will reserve the option to choose who have the right to live or to bite the dust. This will thusly harm the patient capacity to settle on a self-governing decision with respect to his/her wellbeing (Orentlicher, et. Al., 260). In the event that the central right to self-governance was to be maintained, at that point the legislature ought to nullify any type of authorization concerning this right. Doctor helped passing, in this manner, ought to be available to all residents paying little mind to their wellbeing. Enactment that blocks a few residents to demand for doctor helped passing is an assault on the

Activity-Based Costing vs Traditional Costing Essay

Action Based Costing versus Traditional Costing - Essay Example The other contrast between the two techniques is that movement based costing is exact in light of the fact that it represents critical issues before it dispenses cost to a given item. Contra insightful the customary costing isn't precise in light of the fact that it just considers explicit products.Activity based costing exhibits the expense of an item cross-sponsorship challenge in situations where a few items costs are higher and furthermore when different items costs are lower when contrasted with the conventional technique delivered costing. The ABC consistently shows that different items cost are profoundly cost while others are under drifted, subsequently bringing about intersection subsidization.Activity based is utilized to advance gainfulness through dissecting first the customers request items, clients may need pretty much nothing or significant help. Accordingly, ABC helps in deciding various measures of customer’s exercises be upheld, and their expenses for every c ustomer advantage and, thus, choosing customer’s benefit. Be that as it may, the clients advantage is resolved after the thought of the clients support. A portion of the ABC detriments are that execution is costly and tedious to build up ABC framework. The framework requires more assets like programming that could be exorbitant and advisors with the vital mastery. The other weakness is information distortion because of difficulties in deciphering ABC information with regularly bookkeeping data, which can be now and again precarious, in regards to dynamic.

Humanists and Reformers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanists and Reformers - Essay Example Another comparability that rose out of the works of these four creators is their thought paid to the significance of early scriptural contents. It has been discovered that the two humanists and reformists utilized before Greek and Latin books of scriptures as a wellspring of downplaying the early conventions of Jesus Christ and endeavored to proclaim the lessons of prior contents alongside uncommon consideration paid to expulsion of out of line acts and degenerate individuals from higher ministry of Christianity. Another striking closeness is their endeavor of examining the center implications of prior scriptural contents and their reference to the acts of sixteenth century rather than basically bringing a change by addressing church’s authority. Different credits, for example, references to practices of early church, analysis on academic philosophical methodology and issues in chapel for example simony, pluralism, bias and lack of education in pastors, likewise show further s imilitudes (â€Å"The Reformations† 4). Reformism has been considered as an extreme result of humanism due these similarities (Patrick n.d). Where humanists like Erasmus and More are blamed for setting out the establishment of Protestantism, the two organizations are frequently found condemning each other because of some significant contrasts. Erasmus’s and More’s works have been discovered all the more persuading for the exclusive class with a comprehension of Latin. Then again, reformists like Luther and Calvin tended to the worries of each social class when it came to chapel and its method of working as a core of society for example authority of religion and society’s common law. Humanists additionally demonstrated their adherence to the higher workplaces of chapel and didn't scrutinize the authority of pope as the pioneer of the congregation and its procedures while reformers thought about just confidence as a wellspring of gaining salvation by following book of scriptures. In expansion to that,

International Parity Conditions Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Prices, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates in Equilibrium† (International Parity Conditions) Chapter by chapter list Official Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.     Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 2.     Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 3.     Findings and Analysis: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 a.     PPP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 b.     FE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 c.     IFE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 4.     Conclusion and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 Reference section A. Authentic Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Table of Figures Figure 1. Universal Parity Conditions Figure 2. Dissipate Diagram for PPP Figure 3. Time-arrangement information for swelling rates differential and conversion standard change Figure 4. Relapse Plot for PPP Figure 5. Dissipate Diagram for FE Figure 6. Time-arrangement information for swelling and loan fees differentials Figure 7. Relapse Plot for FE Figure 8. Dissipate Diagram for IFE Figure 9. Time-arrangement information for loan costs differentials and conversion standard change Figure 10. Relapse Plot for IFE Official Summary This task is planned for looking at the proof for three of the connections that support (unequivocally or certainly) quite a bit of global macroeconomics. The first is buying power equality (PPP), or the theory that there exists a steady since quite a while ago run balance genuine swapping scale. The second is Fisher Effect, which tests the connection between contrast in swelling rates and distinction in ostensible loan fees. The third sets up a connection between genuine trade rates and genuine loan fee differentials or International Fisher Effect. The tests are directed on a premise of two economies: United States and Kazakhstan. The outcomes are acquired utilizing charts and relapse models, which essentially increment the intensity of the tests. The observational proof is assessed based on recorded information for the time of 1999-2003. The paper is separated into two primary parts. The initial segment contains investigation of the recorded information about loan fees, trade rates, and 3-month T-charges (Kazakhstani name: MEKKAM) in two nations: Kazakhstan and USA. The subsequent part gives suggestions dependent on the res... ...ptemberâ â â â â 148â â â â â 6.3â â â â â 6â â â â â 2.32â â â â â 0.93â â â â â 0.1218â â â â â -3.98â â â â â -5.07      October     147.82     6.3      â â â â 2.04â â â â â 0.94â â â â â 0.5647â â â â â -4.26â â â â â      November     146.99     6.4      â â â â 1.77â â â â â 0.91â â â â â 1.5826â â â â â -4.63â â â â â      December     144.7     6.4      â â â â 1.88â â â â â 0.93â â â â â  â â â â -4.52â â â â â

Application Processing and Receipt of Documents Update COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Application Processing and Receipt of Documents Update COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I just wanted to provide a quick update regarding the tracking of application documents.   If documents are still listed on the application site as not received you do not need to panic and email or call our office.   The processing of files in our office is partially driven by when certain Committee members can read.   We thus expedite the processing of files that meet a certain set of reader criteria. For example, we want readers to be able to review applicants that share a common academic interest.   The timing of when a file is completed and then read has no impact on the admission decision. If you are confident that you have sent materials you can rest assured that your file will be completed and forwarded for review.   We still have several thousand documents that need to be matched to files and we are working as quickly as we can.   Because of internal processing requests we are unable to respond to individual requests concerning the receipt of documents.   Rest assured that if we need anything from you we will let you know and we will be happy to work with you to make sure your file is complete and forwarded to the Admissions Committee. Thank you for your patience and we look forward to completing and reviewing all files.   Decisions will start to go out in March and will be available via the application site.

How much do you know about Beethoven - Free Essay Example

We all know that Ludwig Van Beethoven was a musical composer but, did you know when he was born? Did you know who his parents were or how they were raised? Do you know how is parents treated him or his siblings? Was Ludwig Van Beethovens parents families poor or were their families wealthy? Do you know about his family life, his siblings? How many sisters did he have? How many brothers did he have? Do you know about his childhood? How did people react to his music, and how do they react today? Do you know how Ludwig Van Beethoven himself affected the music industry we still have today? Well this article will tell you about all of his life. . Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in December of 1770, the date is unknown. Ludwig was born in Bonn, Germany. His nationalities were Prussian, Austrian and German. His mother was Maria Magdalena Keverich and his father was Johann Van Beethoven, they were both German. His mothers family was wealthy do to her father being the chef of the court. His father, Johann Van Beethoven was a German musician, a teacher, and a singer so his father made some pretty good money. Ludwigs family was considered wealthy. Ludwig Van Beethoven never married and he never had children. How did people react to Ludwig Beethovens music? People loved his music, they compared him to Bach and Mozart. His music was known for the length of his music in all genres he did. His innovations were more classical and romantic then anything else. He was a huge roll in the classical music transitioning into romantic music era. People today dont really listen to the classical now of days, people listen to rap and hip-hop, but without people like Beethoven and Bach, the music we have now may not even be here. But, however people still like classical thought and Ludwig Van Beethoven comes up. How has Ludwig Van Beethoven impacted the music industry we have today? Ludwig Van Beethoven is the most responsible for how music is today. He changed the length of his music which ended up being the model for how long others made their music as well. He was also one of the most known when the music era changed from the classical to the romantic, he was one of the most known composers for both genres. Every music composer at least listened to his songs once, and he is a model for them as well. Every music composer has been influenced by his symphonies since they were written. How many siblings did Ludwig Van Beethoven have? Ludwig had seven siblings. He had four brothers and he had three sisters. His three brothers were Kaspar Anton Karl Van Beethoven, Nikolaus Johann Van Beethoven, Johann Peter Anton Leym, and Franz Georg Van Beethoven. His sisters were Maria Margarita Van Beethoven, Anna Maria Francisca Van Beethoven, and Ludwig Maria Van Beethoven. Did Beethoven have children? No, he did not have children himself but he treated his nephew Karl like his son and did a lot of things with him. Ludwig Van Beethoven was a German composer, never got married and never had children, but he was really close with his nephew and treated him like a son. Ludwig Van Beethoven lived a good life, his parents lived a wealthy life and continued it through their family, and his parents werent abusive and very supportive meaning that Ludwig and his siblings lived a pretty good childhood. His father was into music himself and was a reason that Ludwig had an interest in being a music composer. Ludwig Van Beethoven took music more serious and made composing music his life and career. He was also extremely successful in the music industry, he was one of the most famous people from the classical era to the romantic era. Ludwig has also changed the music industry in a great way, he started the trend of making longer songs and he was also a big influence on the change from classical to romantic music. He is still considered one of the best in the music industry and one of the biggest reasons for our music industry we have today.

Critical Analysis of Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1139 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? Scarseth is correct in saying that Steinbeckrs Of Mice and Men is a tragedy, yet not in the classic Aristotelian or Shakespearean sense. The majority of the characters in the novel are in stasis. The world is limited around them and results in limited possibilities, ands the lack of love and friendship both contribute to them being stuck. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Analysis of Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order J.A. Cuddon defines tragedy in saying, the overwhelming part about tragedy is the element of hopelessness, of inevitabilityTragedy is a disaster that happens to other people, and the greater the person, so it seems, the more acute is their tragedy (Cuddon). Yet this acute tragedy is found when the lowliest of lowly exploited people fail to become anything more. The characters are inevitably lead to disappointment, because of their social status, inabilities due to the worldrs limitations, and even the time period which plays a part in their struggles. A release from this cycle is hopeless. The struggle of limitation and constraint is a clear message that Steinbeck portrays through many of the characters. Scarseth is quick to notice and comment on this theme, though he only discusses the explicitly mentioned limited characters. Curley, as Scarseth mentions, is very limited. Curley doesnt know how to hold on to what he finds important: his young wife, his status as the Bossrs son, his reputation as a man [his] aim to be a respected husband/boss/man is foiled by his own limited abilities (Scarseth). Curley is stuck in his place. He, on paper, has the most power on the ranch compared to most of the other men. He is the boss son, rich, is able to boast about his wife, a sex object, a status symbolthe sexuality of the relationship (Scarseth), but he is lost. His aggressiveness and unforgiving attitude on life puts him into the same cycle of anger. Curleyrs wife, one of the most marginalized characters, evident by the name she is called and her gender, is also brought up by Scarseth. She is a lost little girl in a world of men whose knowledge of women is largely limited (Scarseth). She is called names, teased, and has no power, and is limited due to Curley. Scarseth also writes about George, Lennie, and their limitations, saying [the] aim of Lennie and George to have a small placeis doomed to frustration also by their own limitations (Scarseth). Lennie, being his poor dumb big (Scarseth) self cannot have his dream with George come true. The world limits this. However, Scarseth doesnt bring up the fact other characters can be limited, such as Slim. Slim is described as having God-Like eyes, (Steinbeck 40), he is the prince of the ranch [moving] with a majesty only achieved by royalty and a master craftsman, (Steinbeck 33) and that his opinions were law. (Steinbeck 45) Everyone respects Slim and considers him the highest in ranking. But why isnt he the boss? Slim seems like he has so much power on the farm, but hers just a farm worker. He doesnt have power in the outside world, and all he is able to achieve is making Curley tell everyone his hand was hurt in th e machine. He isnt anything outside of the labor and respect on the farm, and is exploited along with the other workers. Holding positions of power dont always equate to being unlimited. The tragedy in the novel is due to the characters inability to improve, gain, to come close in achieving their dreams, goals, or succeed because of their limitations. Friendship, love, and themes of dreams (Scarseth) are all mentioned in Scarsethrs analysis. He argues that they are what Of Mice and Men is all about. But there are few friendships or expression of love in the novel, so this cannot be true. George and Lennie have the only friendly relationship in the novel, but they do not love each other. The codependency of it is beneficial to Lennie alone. George helps keep him alive. There is no emotion or loving support, no attachment is present. This is emphasized when George explodes and says if I was alone I could live so easyyou keep me in hot water all the time (Steinbeck 11) and calls him names. Scarseth also mentions that George and Lennie as friends share a good dream (Scarseth). However, this dream isnt good, nor attainable. If their relationship isnt a two-sided one, this dream could never come true or be attainable in their limited world, and George comes to learn this. The men in the bunkhouse with George and Lennie share no intimacy either; their relationships consist of working, sleeping, and getting by day by day. The only example of a bond is when the men go to the whorehouse and play cards, but there still is no friendship present. Another example of the absence of love is with Curley and his wife. They have no care for each other or share a bond aside from the rings on their fingers.Curley uses his wife, labeled as his, for sexual pleasure and boasting. In turn, she is lonely. She [would] like to talk to somebody ever once in a while (Steinbeck 77), and Curley is just so caught up in himself and his own limitations that she was nobody. With no one to turn to and confide in, the characters are limited in themselves because of this lack of love, and limits what they can do. The fact that the book is a tragedy, yet not in the classic sense, is a direct result of the limitations of the characters and the lack of friendship and love in their relationships. Time and time again the characters fall into their fate, despair and the inability to overcome their limitations. But both Scarseth and Steinbeck are trying to prove the same point: tragedy can befall any man or any woman, and Of Mice and Men is a tragedy. Disappointment, suffering, and incapability is a reality for all of humanity. Sometimes the most tragic is to see the ones who are not as great become frozen in that struggle. And this will always happen. Steinbeck shows this through many different issues with society; racism, sexism, mistreatment of the mentally disabled, and even just with farm workers and their exploitation. Anyone, even the lowest of low can experience tragedy, and in Of Mice and Men, it is due to their limitations and the worldrs limitations and the absence of love and friendship. Steinbeck himself provides the thought that represents the tragedy of the novel best: Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land. Itrs just in their head. Theyre all the time talkin about it, but itrs jus in their head (Steinbeck 74) Works Cited Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin Books, 1994. Print. Scarseth, Thomas.

Financial Institutions in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2167 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Financial sector plays an indispensable role in the overall development of a country. The most important constituent of this sector is the financial institutions, which act as a conduit for the transfer of resources from net savers to net borrowers, that is, from those who spend less than their earnings to those who spend more than their earnings. Ok, now before continuing to explain the role of financial institutions in the development of industries, lets take a little bit brief detail of financial institutions in Indian context. Financial Institution: Financial Institution is not a new concept in financial history. The evolution of financial institutions must be differentiated from economic history and history of money. In Europe, it may have started with the first commodity exchange, the Bruges Bourse in 1309 and the first financiers and banks in the 1400-1600s in central and Western Europe. The first global financiers the Fuggers (1487) in Germany; the first stock company in England (Russia Company 1553); the first foreign exchange market; the first stock exchange. In financial economics, a financial institution is an institution that provides financial services for its clients or members. Probably the most important financial service provided by financial institutions is acting as financial intermediaries. Most financial institutions are highly regulated by government bodies. Broadly speaking, there are three major types of financial institution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Institutions in India" essay for you Create order Deposit-taking institutions that accept and manage deposits and make loans; Insurance companies and pension funds; Brokers, Underwriters and investment funds Functions of financial institutions: Why these institutions exit. Or simply saying, what are the basic functions of these financial institutions.? To know the role of these institutions, lets discuss its main functions that they provide. As we have already discussed that, there are numbers of financial institutions in financial market like banks, credit unions, asset management pension providing institutions, risk management institutions, which serve some purposes as follows: Accepting Deposits Providing Commercial Loans Providing Real Estate Loans Providing Mortgage Loans Issuing Share Certificates At the same time, there are several governmental financial institutions assigned with regulatory and supervisory functions. These institutions have played a distinct role in fulfilling the financial and management needs of different industries, and have also shaped the national economic scene. Here is the list of various financial institutions. Maharashtra State Financial Corporation The State Industrial and Investment Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd The Public/National Financial institutions All nationalized banks All scheduled banks All co-operative banks Regional Development corporations Housing Development Finance Corporation Export-Import bank of India So these are the various financial institutions existing in India. All have their own contribution in development of economy of India if we talk about that. Lets talk about State Bank of India (SBI). State Bank Of India: SBI (State Bank Of India) is the largest bank of India. It is considered as 29th most reputable company in the world according to Forbes. It is one of big four banks of India with ICICI bank, Axis bank and HDFC Bank. State Bank of India (SBI) was nationalized in July 1955 under the SBI Act of 1955. Seven banks of SBI formed subsidiary and was nationalized on 19th July, 1960. The State Bank of India is Indias largest commercial bank, as already said above. It serves 90 million customers through a network of 9,000 branches. It has largest ATM network all over India. There are six associate banks that fall under SBI, and together these six banks constitute the State Bank Group. All use the same logo of a blue keyhole and all the associates use the State Bank of name followed by the regional headquarters name. SBI Bank India has 52 Foreign Offices in 34 countries. SBI India serves the international needs of its foreign customers, in addition to conducting retail operations. Th e focus of the offices of SBI is India-related business. Few of the countries where SBI Bank has branches are as under: Australia Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Bhutan Canada France Germany And also other than these are USA, UK, South Africa and Sri Lanka. Functions of SBI: What are major functions of State Bank of India that are served? Lets try to find answer of that question then we will continue to discuss about its contribution to industrial development of India. As it comes under the category of Public/Nationalized banks, so it has directly link with public and other banks too. The State bank of India acts as an agent of the Reserve Bank of India and performs the following functions: It borrows money from the public by accepting deposits such as current account deposits, fixed deposits and saving deposits. It lends money to merchants and manufacturers for short periods. It also lends to farmers and co-operative institutions. It acts actually as the bankers bank. In discharging this responsibility, the bank provides loans to commercial bank when required and also re-discount their bill. It also acts as the clearing house of the commercial bank. State Bank of India also acts as an agent of Reserve bank of India. As an agent, the State bank of India maintains the treasuries of the State Government. It also performs various subsidiary services also. It collects checks, drafts, bills of exchange, dividends interest, salaries and pensions on behalf of its customers. So these are some of the functions that are performed by SBI. Contribution toward Industrial Development: Coming to major purpose of out term paper assignment, lets discuss about contribution to development of Indian Industries. As we know, financial institutions deal with various financial activities associated with bonds, debentures, stocks, loans, risk diversification, insurance, hedging, retirement planning, investment, portfolio management, and many other types of related functions. With the help of their functions, the financial institutions transfer money or funds to various tiers of economy and thus play a significant role in acting upon the domestic and the international economic scenario. The functions of financial institutions, such as stock exchanges, commodity markets, futures, currency, and options exchanges are very important for the economy. These institutions are involved in creating and providing ownership for financial claims. These institutions are also responsible for maintaining liquidity in the market and managing price change risks. As part of their variou s services, these institutions provide investment opportunities and help businesses to generate funds for various purposes. If we talk about SBI, the State Bank began an era of expansion, acting as a motor for Indias industrial and agricultural development that was to transform it into one of the worlds largest financial networks. Indeed, by the early 1990s, the State Bank counted nearly 15,000 branches and offices throughout India, giving it the worlds single largest branch network. Industrialization and Financial Institution: As we know that industrialization is the most important method by which any country can make its growth rapid and reliable. In the long-run it is regarded as the means to full employment, high productivity and better living standards. It is also the only way through which other objectives of national economic policy like removal of poverty, balanced regional development and national defense can be effectively realized. In India, at present, we have a fairly well-developed framework to cater to the financial requirements of the industrial sector, specifically of medium and long term finances. With a variegated structure, the financial institutions have played a signified part in the industrial development via investment market and have emerged as backbone of the financial system. State Bank of India has also contributed more in the development of industrial sector of India. Its roles fall in two categories: Qualitative Quantitative State Bank of India for carrying out its business operations, financial institutions implement different types of economic models. It like other financial institutions assists their clients and investors to maximize its profits by rendering appropriate guidance. This financial institution also imparts a wide range of educational programs to educate the investors on the fundamentals of investment and also regarding the valuation of stock, bonds, assets, foreign exchanges, and commodities. Since 1973, bank is actively involved in non-profit activity called Community Services banking. In the words of chairman of SBI, business is more than banking because by this we can touch the lives of people anywhere in many ways. At a macro level, SBI would likely be a key beneficiary of the economy returning back to a potential growth path through rising demand for loans as the economy rebounds to higher activity levels. Further, SBI could raise its productivity in the long run through p otential mergers with its subsidiary banks and through revenue/cost synergies. With this, the number of SBI associates would come down to five. Further with a continued rebound in capital market activity and the life insurance and AMC, the business is picking up steam. Whatever the case, it is evidently clear that though the stock is looking a little expensive today, it is and will remain a blue-chip till the India story hold good. If the economy is back on the fast track, the banking system will have to show a robust growth led by none other than this banking behemoth. As there is linear relationship between economic growth and financial institutions, without financial institutions interference, any country cannot imagine growth of its economy. Financial institutions not only help industries by providing direct loans and subsidies to them but also providing finance education and skills indirectly. Since liberalization, the government has approved significant banking ref orms. While some of these relate to nationalized banks like encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness, other reforms have opened up the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign players. Currently, in 2007, banking in India is generally mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even, though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies of Asia. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) — 28 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 29 private banks, these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges, and 31 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. The public sector banks hold over 75% of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively. And if we talk about SBI, it has largest ATM network all over India. SBI is a commercial bank. Commercial banks play an important role in economic development of developing country. Economic development involves investment in various sectors of economy. The banks collect savings from the people and mobilize saving for investment in industrial project. The investors borrow from banks to finance the projects. Promote the growth rate through the reorientation of loan policy. Special funds are provided to the investors for the completion of projects. The banks provide a guarantee for industrial loan from international agenci es. The foreign capital flows to developing countries for investment in projects. Besides normal banking the banks perform agency services for the client. The banks buy and sell securities, make rent payments, receive subscription funds and collect utility bills for the Government departments. Thus these banks save time and energy of busy peoples. Banks arrange foreign exchange for the business transaction with other countries. The facility of foreign currency account has resulted in an increase of foreign exchange reserves. By opening a letter of credit the banks promote foreign trade. The banks are not simply collecting funds but also serve as a guide to the customer investment of their funds. The policy of banks is an instrument in wide dispersal of credit in country. It is said that if the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a rapid growth in the various sectors of the economy. Conclusion: After a deep study about the role of State Bank of India in the development of industrial sector, we arrive at the conclusion that without the financial assistance, the industrial sector cannot seek growth and this financial assistance can only be provided by banking sector, and major contribution to this is by commercial banks. State Bank India generally acts as a development bank and provides short and long term loans to entrepreneurs to invest in new enterprises and adopt new methods of production. As soon as the SBI has caught growth, there has been noticeable growth in trade and industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.stockmarketsreview.com//state_bank_of_india_outperforming_itself_20091028_1000070/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India www.statebankofindia.com/ https://www.slideshare.net/Mustafaseady/role-of-commercial-banks-in-the-economic-development-of-a-country www.blurtit.com/q212234.html www.akdn.org/india_economic.asp https://finance.indiamart.com/in_india/state_bank_india.html www.iimcal.ac.in/community/consclub/ppts/bankingAndFinance.pp

The Field Of Pharmacy Is A Growing Problem - 868 Words

The field of pharmacy is a growing, but at the same time stagnant. It is growing because it is changing as the healthcare system is changing. After the changes in the healthcare system, the field has included pharmaceutical care in its mission. As described in Communications Skills for Pharmacist book, â€Å"pharmaceutical care requires the pharmacist to take responsibility for preventing and solving drug- related problems and optimizing drug therapy† (p.1, CP). On the other hand it is stagnant because the mission is not being fulfilled. The traditional way of practicing, which is dispensing drugs only, still persists. The pharmacy is being practiced in an unethical way as the patient is told to sign the paper, without being informed what rights the patient is losing. Presently, there is a need of pharmacists in the healthcare system, since they have the knowledge of drug interaction. 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The Impact Of Technology On Education And Developing The...

Throughout the entire history of mankind, education has been by far one of the most important pillars of any human’s life. With education, we gain knowledge, awareness, and skills, in which we then are capable for success and achieving our ambitions. However, technology has played an essential role in enhancing and developing the educational process. Written in Frederick Douglass’s essay, â€Å"Learning to Read†, he describes his extraordinary tale from an uneducated slave to a prominent writer of his time. A critical point to note is that during his time period, the most advanced form of educational technology was the pen and paper. As such, the entirety of Douglass’s future rested on his ability to master this technology. With this in mind, the concept of mastering technology is a critical skill that every cadet should possess, and is an important topic of consideration for the Dean and the Academic Board. 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Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power in October 1917 Free Essays

There are many factors that allowed to Bolsheviks to take power in October 1917 such as the growing unpopularity of the Provisional Government at the time. Moreover, events such as the July days and the return of Lenin and Trotsky. The Bolshevik slogans â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† and â€Å"All Power to the Soviets† also sum up the other major factors to their rise. We will write a custom essay sample on Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power in October 1917 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Provisional Government was becoming increasingly unpopular. They had failed to end the war and were blamed for food shortages and rising prices. Also, the Russian people were unable to choose their own government as the Provisional Government had not held elections which had displeased most people of Russia. The Bolsheviks took advantage of the unpopularity of the Provisional Government and increased its support. Its slogan â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† was a really attractive offer to the Russian people. The â€Å"Bread† issue was not being solved by the government, but the Bolsheviks promised that they would deal with it. Lenin promised to provide the people with sufficient food, and the starving population turned to him for help. Furthermore, most peasants were furious with the government and the landowners for not giving the peasants a chance to earn their own money with their own land. Lenin, in accordance with the communist ideology, promised that the landowners’ property would be split up and distributed equally, naturally attracting mass support from the majority of the population. In addition, the slogan ‘Peace’ was the most ppealed out of the 3 by the Russian people. Almost everybody wanted the war to stop, as it continued for so long. The devastated economy and dwindling food supplies were all caused by the war, and people wished to return to their old lives. Lenin knew this and aptly used this as a slogan for his campaign. Being the only party which constantly opposed the continuation of the war, the Bolsheviks attracted many supporters. Additionally, the leadership of Lenin was another factor that allowed the Bolsheviks to take power. Lenin was a dedicated, determined and skilled leader. He motivated his party and, through agitation and propaganda, the Bolsheviks became very popular in the army and in the factories. The leadership of the party was loyal to Lenin, and they followed his orders with conviction. The party had a proficient propaganda machine, producing newspapers, banners, posters and setting up recruitment drives in the army and factories. Lenin promised to bring an end to the war, to give land to peasants, to give workers control of factories, to take control of he banks and to give power to soviets of workers and soldiers set up throughout Russia. During the July Days, a political crisis erupted as soldiers in Petrograd refused to go to the front and sailors Joined the workers in anti-government demonstrations. These people were mostly Bolshevik supporters, and these riots were no doubt sparked off by party instigators. However, they were delivered a crushing defeat when the government managed to suppress the demonstrations and arrested a few leading Bolsheviks. Lenin himself was shot twice in the chest from close range, but urvived to escape to Finland. However, this event emphasises that the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks were able to take power in October 1917 because of Lenin’s outstanding speaking skills and use of propaganda. Equally because of the state Russia was in during 1917 with shortage of food, and the need to end the war. The Bolsheviks were the only party that opposed the continuation of the war – which the majority of the Russian population wanted – promising to give the people of Russia what they urgently needed at the time, â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace†. How to cite Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power in October 1917, Papers

Huntingtons Disease Essay Paper Example For Students

Huntingtons Disease Essay Paper Huntingtons DiseaseBackgroundHuntingtons disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that givesrise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated withcholeric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) anddementia. It is one of the more common inherited brain disorders. About 25,000Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will carry the defective gene andwill develop the disorder as they age. Physical deterioration occurs over aperiod of 10 to 20 years, usually beginning in a persons 30s or 40s. The geneis dominant and thus does not skip generations. Having the gene means a 92percent chance of getting the disease. The disease is associated with increasesin the length of a CAG triplet repeat present in a gene called huntingtonlocated on chromosome 4. The classic signs of Huntington disease are progressivechorea, rigidity, and dementia, frequently associated with seizures. Studies ;Research Studies were done to determine if somatic mtDNA (mitochondria DNA)mutations might contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntingtonsdisease. Part of the research was to analyze cerebral deletion levels in thetemporal and frontal lobes. Research hypothesis: HD patients have significantlyhigher mtDNA deletionlevels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporallobes of the cortex. To test the hypothesis, the amount of mtDNA deletion in 22HD patients brains was examined by serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and compared the results with mtDNA deletion levels in 25 aged matchedcontrols. Brain tissues from three cortical regions were taken during an autopsy(from the 22 HD symptomatic HD patients): frontal lobe, temporal lobe andoccipital lobe, and putamen. Molecular analyses were performed on genetic DNAisolated from 200 mg of frozen brain regions as described above. The HDdiagnosis was confirmed in patients by PCR amplification of the trinucleotiderepeat in the IT 15 gene. One group was screened with primers that includedpolymorphism and the other was screened without the polymorphism. After heatingthe reaction to 94 degrees C for 4 minutes, 27 cycles of 1 minute at 94 degreesCand 2 minutes at 67 degrees C, tests were performed. The PCR products weresettled on 8% polyacrylamide gels. The mtDNA deletion levels were quantitatedrelative to the total mtDNA levels by the dilution-PCR method. When thepercentage of the mtDNA deletion relative to total mtDNA was used as a marker ofmtDNA damage, most regions of the brain accrued a very small amount of mtDNAdamage before age 75. Cortical regions accrued 1 to 2% deletion levels betweenages 80-90, and the putamen accrued up to 12% of this deletion after age 80. Thestudy presented evidence that HD patients have much higher mtDNA deletionlevelsthan agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex. Temporal lobe mtDNA deletion levels were 11 fold higher in HD patients than incontrols, whereas the frontal lobe deletion levels were fivefold higher in HDpatients than in controls. There was no statistically significant difference inthe average mtDNA deletion levels between HD patients and controls in theoccipital lobe and the putamen. The increase in mtDNA deletion levels found inHD frontal and temporal lobes suggests that HD patients have an increase mtDNAsomatic mutation rate. Could the increased rate be from a direct consequence ofthe expanded trinucleotide repeat of the HD gene, or is it from an indirectconsequence? Whatever the origin of the deletion, these observations areconsistent with the hypothesis: That the accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutationserodes the energy capacity of the brain, resulting in the neuronal loss andsymptoms when energy output declines below tissue expression thresholds. .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .postImageUrl , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:hover , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:visited , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:active { border:0!important; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:active , .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55 .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u324a92e1847c0296f10f6e8934b55b55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Farm Book Report (215 words) Essay(Neurology, October 95) Treatments Researchers have identified a key proteinthat causes the advancement of Huntingtons after following up on the discoverytwo years ago of the gene that causes this disorder. Shortly after theHuntingtons gene was identified, researchers found the protein it produces, alarger than normal molecule they called huntingtin that was unlike any proteinpreviously identified. The question that they did not know was what either thehealthy huntingtin protein or its aberrant form does in a cell. Recently, a teamfrom Johns Hopkins University found a second protein called HAP-1, that attachesto the huntingtin molec ule only in the brain. The characteristics of this secondprotein has an interesting feature- it binds much more tightly to defectivehuntingtin than to the healthy from, and it appears that this tightly boundcomplex causes damage to brain cells. Researchers are hoping to find simpledrugs that can weaken this binding, thereby preventing the disease to progressany further. In other Huntington-related research, scientists have found wherehuntingtin protein is localized in nerve cells, a step closer to discovering itscontribution toward Huntingtons. A French team reported that they havedeveloped an antibody that attaches itself to the defective protein inHuntingtons and four other inherited diseases. This finding may lead toidentifying the defects in a variety of others unexplained disorders. Theidentification of the gene an the huntingtin protein promised to be a majorbreakthrough in tracing the causes of Huntingtons, but that promise has so farbeen delayed. The protein of Huntington is unlike any other protein known makingit difficult for researchers to guess its role in a healthy cell. However, thishas not stopped researchers from trying to find a possible cure for HD. Effectson Society By finding possible drugs to weaken the binding of the HAP-1 protein,researchers can provide society an incredibly sophisticated, but quick and easywasy to screen for new treatments. One of the biggest arguments for genetictesting, even when there isnt any cure or treatment to offer the patient, isfinancial planning. If you know that youre probably going to be disabled andunable to work before reaching 50, you can plan for it. But what if your incomedoesnt allow for it? This demonstrates the importance for continuous researchon HD. Overview of the Two Articles Both articles concentrate on HDs proteincausing affect. There is no doubt between the two that HD is an inheritedmutation. The Neurology articles explains how HD patients have much higherdeletion levels than agematched cont rols in the frontal and temporal lobes ofthe cortex, whereas the article from Times Medical Writer focuses on a possibletreatment resulting from a finding of a second protein called HAP-1, that bindsitself to the huntingtin molecule only in the brain. Both conclude that HD is amutation that causes damage to brain cells further in a persons life.

Netflix Marketing Promotion free essay sample

Netflix developed and maintains an extensive personalized video-recommendation system based on ratings and reviews by its customers. On October 1, 2006, Netflix offered a  $1,000,000 prize  to the first developer of a video-recommendation  algorithm  that could beat its existing algorithm,  Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. Netflix has played a prominent role in independent film distribution. Through a division called  Red Envelope Entertainment but it closed in 2008, in part to avoid competition with its studio partners. Netflix initiated an  initial public offering  (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5,500,000 shares of  common stock  at the price of US $15. 00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted its first profit during fiscal year 2003, earning US $6. 5  million profit on revenues of US $272  million. The company is well known for its worker-oriented culture, including unlimited vacation time for salaried workers and allowing those employees to take any amount of their paychecks in  stock options. We will write a custom essay sample on Netflix Marketing Promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Netflix has been one of the most successful  dot-com ventures. A  The New York Times  article from September 2002, said that, at the time, Netflix mailed about 190,000 discs per day to its 670,000 monthly subscribers. [22]  The companys published subscriber count increased from one million in the fourth quarter of 2002 to around 5. 6  million at the end of the third quarter of 2006, to 14  million in March 2010. Netflixs growth has been fueled by the fast spread of  DVD players  in households; as of 2004, nearly two-thirds of U. S. homes had a DVD player. Netflix capitalized on the success of the DVD and its rapid expansion into U. S. homes, integrating the potential of the Internet and e-commerce to provide services and catalogs that brick and mortar retailers could not compete with. Netflix also operates an online affiliate program which has helped it to build online sales for DVD rentals. On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and structure its DVD home media rental service as an independent  subsidiary  company called  Qwikster, totally separating DVD rentals and streaming. [23][24][25]  Andy Rendich, a 12-year veteran of Netflix, would have been the CEO of Qwikster. The new service would carry  video games  whereas Netflix did not. [26]  Then, in October 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and would not, in fact, create Qwikster for that purpose. [27]On October 24, 2011, Netflix announced it lost 800,000 US subscribers in the third quarter of 2011 and more subscriber losses were expected in the fourth quarter of 2011. Despite the losses, earnings for Netflix jumped 63 percent for the third quarter of 2011. [28][29]On January 26, 2012, Netflix said it added 610,000 subscribers in the US by the end of the fourth quarter of 2011. The company announced it had 24. 4 million US subscribers for this time period. [30]Netflix first moved internationally by launching their streaming-only service in Canada on September 22, 2010. Then, in spring 2011, Netflix announced they would further expand internationally by launching services Latin America, by the end of 2011, and in the European market, starting in Spain by 2012. Subsequently, Netflix completed the launch of streaming-content services in Latin America in September 2011 by launching in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America. In October 2011, it was announced that Netflix would be launching in the UK and Ireland in early 2012. Netflix was officially launched as a streaming-only service in the United Kingdom and Ireland on January 9, 2012, priced at ? 5. 99 a month in the UK and â‚ ¬6. 99 a month in Ireland. Norwegian media reported in June 2012 that the countrys two biggest broadcasters,  NRK  and  TV 2  confirmed ongoing talks with Netflix. This was interpreted as the company positioning itself for a launch in Norway. The company itself would not confirm this, only that they were planning to launch in another market in the fourth quarter.

Tips on Writing a Personal Essay

Tips on Writing a Personal EssayIn order to help you with your work on a college application, one very useful technique is to write a personal essay. However, if you are unsure about the best way to approach this, you might want to read some tips that can guide you through writing a good and effective essay. Keep reading to learn more about how to write a personal essay.The first thing you should do when writing a personal essay is to create a character who is really 'you.' Choose a person from your own life, a person that you admire or a person who you want to emulate. You will want to be honest and direct in describing your character's traits.After you have created your character, the next step to writing a personal essay is to write a story. This story will be your story of the principal character of your essay. When you write a story, you want to take the character you created and explain in the most concise manner possible why that character is the way that he/she is. Keep in mi nd that you need to maintain this structure in order to make sure that you are describing the truth and not creating a fictionalization.During your story, you will be able to express all of the qualities and characteristics of your character. You will also be able to express your favorite aspect of that character. Use different dialogue choices throughout the story as you describe the characteristics and traits of your character.After you finish your story, turn the pages in your essay to the next chapter. Write your explanation of why you chose to write the essay. This is where you will explain your life experiences in school. You will also be able to explain your personal thoughts and values.The last thing to do after you finished your story is to explain your right ending. In the last paragraph of your essay, use the examples of stories that you have used in your essay to illustrate the key points of your essay.Writing an essay is very important for many reasons. By following the se tips, you will be able to finish your essay with ease.

Policy Brief for Reducing Irregular Labor Migrants in Switzerland

Robinson Name Meaning and Origin

Robinson Name Meaning and Origin The most likely origin of this surname is son of Robin, although it may also derive from the Polish word rabin, meaning rabbi. Robinson is the 27th most popular surname in the United States according to data from the 2000 census. Surname Origin: English, JewishAlternate Surname Spellings: Robeson, Robison, Robins Famous Robinsons: Jackie Robinson - first African American Major League Baseball playerJoan Robinson - British economistSmokey Robinson - American singer, songwriter, producer Genealogy Resources If youre interested in learning more about the surname or connecting with others who share the last name, the following resources can help: Robinson DNA Surname Project: This DNA study tested the DNA of numerous Robinson family lines in the hopes of making genealogical connections.Robinson Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Robinson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Robinson query.FamilySearch: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Robinson surname and its variations.Robinson Surname and Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Robinson surname. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal law - Essay Example The most important thing that needs to be point out in respect of criminal law is that it is based upon actus reus, mens rea and the absence of defences. The element of a reasonable person is required in respect of mens rea and therefore the other element that are required for the offences would not be discussed. Mens rea has been defined as a state of mind, intention or recklessness which is required for a certain crime. There is an ongoing debate and argument in respect of subjectivists and objectivists who tend to argue in different directions. The subjectivists argue that to the minimal level of serious crimes, the mental element that should be required should be awareness of the person’s actions and perceiving the surrounding circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus. On the contrary, the objectivists the argument rests on the fact that it should be sufficient mens rea if it is proved that a reasonable person would have foreseen the circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus and would therefore not be dependent on the awareness of the defendant. There have been competing claims which have been put forward by both. In respect of the subjectivists the main argument vests on the fact that there was self governance on the part of the individual who committed the crime and went contrary to the law. The objectivists on the other hand pointed out to the fact that there should be criminal punishment if it is found that his inadvertence was in respect of a substantial and obvious risk of the proscribed harm, which should have been perceived by the defendant. Even though there have been academic opinion that ‘the torch of orthodox subjectivism carried by Glanville Williams and Smith and Hogan and then by the Law Commission should be douse’ (Ashworth, POCL, p.253) it is still what is being followed in respect of serious offences and has been reiterated in the recent case of G1 where Lord Bingham said ‘it is a salutary principle that conviction of serious crime should depend on proof not simply that the defendant caused (by act or omission) an injurious result to another but that his st ate of mind when so acting was culpable. This after all, is the meaning of the familiar rule actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. The most obviously culpable state of mind is no doubt an intention to cause the injurious result, but knowing disregard of an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing an injurious result or a deliberate closing of the mind to such risk would be readily accepted as culpable also. It is clearly blameworthy to do something involving a risk of injury to another...’ Despite of such an obvious favour being given to the subjectivist approach, there have been objectivist elements in respect of serious offences that have been laid down expressly by House of Parliament in particular sexual offences and certain offences related to money laundering. The element of intention are central to mens rea, however, in respect of the current situation the element of recklessness would be discussed. The situation in respect of criminal law has been that for crime s it was either intention or recklessness that would lead to construal of imposition of liability. In respect of recklessness there are two main elements that need to be construed, the first one being that of subjective recklessness and the other is that of objective recklessness. For establishing subjective recklessness the test that was laid down in Cunningham2 needs to fulfilled, which basically requires that an unjustifiable risk was taken as well as proving the fact that the defendant

The Advertisement is by the Multinational Coca Cola Company Essay

The Advertisement is by the Multinational Coca Cola Company - Essay Example The advertisement initially ran in many channels in the United States of America, in Canada, where the last of the ads was shot and eventually the ad was shown in many channels throughout the world including in CNN, Fox, South Africa’s SABC, Britain’s sky television among many other national and international TV stations, and later modified to suit radio stations throughout the world. The advertisement was shot and different aspects and scenes added from the original one in 1995, to the year 2001, when the ad was stopped. This was due to the fact that Coca Cola was changing its advertisement strategy from using a single ad worldwide, approved by its Atlanta Georgia headquarters, to more localized advertisements by individual countries. Furthermore, the voice behind the ad, musician Melanie Thornton, had just passed on a few weeks before the Christmas of 2001, presenting Coca Cola with a dilemma. However, due to public demand, the advertisement was back on the air in most countries in 2007. Coca Cola announced that several customers and clients had complained of not seeing the ads on TV, yet the ad marked the beginning of the Christmas season for them, as well as having nostalgic and sentimental value to all those who loved it in its earlier years (Sandison, 2007). As said above, the advertisement by Coca Cola called ‘Holidays are Coming’ or the ‘Christmas long trucks’ holds a special place to people who saw it in the late nineties to the early years of the first decade of the 21st century. The advertisement is a very catchy one with a simple but enjoyable song to accompany it. Many people have come to associate the ad with the beginning of Christmas festivities, which sets them in the right mood for the holidays.

Anatomy And Physiology Of Blood And Heart

Anatomy And Physiology Of Blood And Heart The mechanism of the pumping action of the heart can be categorized in three phases- the generation of an action potential, conduction of the action potential and cardiac muscle contraction (action potential-contraction coupling). The action potential is generated the specialized autorythmic myocardial cells located at the Sino atria (SA) node. The potential spreads to the atria and enters the ventricles through the atria ventricular (AV) node from where it is conducted throughout the ventricles by the bundle of His and the purkinje fiber. The action potential triggers muscle contraction as it sweeps around the heart1. As the cardiac muscles contract and relax the heart beats repeatedly, in the process receiving and pumping blood, first to the lungs then to the rest of the body. As it leaves the heart, the blood carries with it oxygen and nutrients to the body and brings back metabolic wastes from the body cells1,2. However, much as it supplies blood to the rest of the body, the heart itself needs blood to support its metabolic activity. The heart is thus supplied by the coronary arteries which branch off from the aorta. Reduction in the volume of this coronary flow can greatly impair the pumping action of the heart and if not treated, can cause heart failure. A number of treatment options ranging from surgical to drugs are available2b. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The cardiovascular system is an organ system responsible for distribution of nutrients and oxygen to the bodys cells and removal of metabolic byproducts from the cells. It consists of the following: Blood which carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and metabolic byproducts away from the cells The blood vessels which are the pathways through which blood flows The heart which receives and pumps blood. Embedded in the heart are valves that control blood flow and ensure that blood flows in a specified direction3,8. THE HEART In brief, the heart is a muscular organ enclosed in a double walled sack called the pericardium. It is about the size of a fist and weighs between 250 grams and 350 grams. It is located within the medial cavity of the thorax between the second and fifth intercostal space, just on the superior surface of the diaphragm, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum7. The heart is divided in four chambers, the right and left atria, the right and left ventricle. The circulation process is such that the right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body through the venacavea and feeds it to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to be oxygenated. Blood from the lungs comes back to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein and finally to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body though the aorta and arteries7,1. The Mechanism of Heart function The most important function of the heart is to pump blood. The mechanism by which the heart pumps blood can be understood by examining the events that lead to cardiac muscle contraction. The contraction process starts with the generation of an action potential from the sinoatrial (SA) node giving rise to a depolarization wave. The wave spreads through the atria, entering the ventricles through the atrioventricular (AV) node and is conducted throughout the ventricles by the bundle of His and the purkinje fibers1. Generation of action potential. The heart is composed of two kinds of cardiac muscle cells- the contractile and autorythmic cells. The contractile cells are responsible for the mechanical work of pumping and therefore form the bulk of the cardiac muscles. However, these cells need to be excited before they can contract. Highly specialized autorythmic cells are responsible for generation and conduction of the excitation signal-the action potential1,3. These autorythmic cells are found in specific regions of the heart that include: The SA node. This is a small region located at the upper wall of the right atrium. The AV node. This is a bundle of the autorythmic cells found at the lower wall of the right atrium, near the septum that separates the atria from the ventricles. The bundle of His. This is a bundle of specialized conductive cells that originate from the AV node and runs down the septum between the ventricles. It separates into the right and left bundles serving the respective ventricles. The purkinje fiber. These can be regarded as terminations of the bundle of His. They spread over the base of the ventricles.The locations of the autorythmic cells are the origin and pathways of the action potential3. The cardiac action potential The SA node is the pace maker of the heart. It sets the frequency at which the heart beats. Looking at the cardiac cell, the action potential starts by the reorganization of the intracellular and extracellular concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and calcium ions due to changes in the cell membrane permeability. A graph showing a typical myocardial cell action potential is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Cardiac cell action potential. Source4: As in the graph, the different phases represent different stages of depolarization of the cardiac cell. Phase 4: In this phase, the cell is at rest. In the resting state, the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium and therefore the resting potential is more or less equal to the potassium equilibrium potential (-90mV). Phase 0: As the potential slowly rises, the voltage-gated sodium channels open leading to a rapid influx of potassium into the cell causing rapid depolarization. At the same time, the membrane permeability to potassium slowly reduces as the potassium channels close. This process takes the membrane potential to around +20Mv before the sodium channels suddenly close. Phase 1: On inactivation of the sodium channels, potassium continues to leak out of the cell and chloride ions go into the cell causing a small downward deflection of the action potential. Phase 2: At this stage, there is increased permeability of the membrane to calcium ions. The inward calcium movement is balanced by an outward movement of potassium ions accounting for the relatively flat phase 2. Phase 3: An increase in the permeability of potassium outweighs the inward calcium current and eventually tips the potential of the cell. This is the repolarization phase and the cell goes back to its resting potential, phase 43,4. Excitation-contraction coupling As described in muscle contraction, the action potential-contraction coupling is due to the release of calcium from the cells sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium combines with troponin which regulates the tropomyosin, removing it from the binding site. This allows myosin to bind to actin thus making the muscle to contract3. The cardiac cycle The depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac cell described above triggers the contraction and relaxation to the atria and ventricles of the cell. The cardiac cycle is divided in two main phases, diastole which is the period of relaxation and systole which is the period of contraction. Systole. During this phase, the depolarization wave starts from the SA node, spreading first through the atria and causing the atria to contact first. This forces blood from the atria to the ventricles. At this time, the atrioventricular valves are open while the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed. The depolarization wave then enters the ventricles through the AV node, spreading over all the ventricles via the specialized conductive bundle of His and the purkinje network. This causes the ventricles to contract forcing the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary vein and the rest of the body through the aorta. Here the atrioventricular valves close while the pulmonary and aortic valves open5,3. Diastole. After contraction of the atria, the cells are repolarized. This allows the atria to relax thus allowing blood to flow into them through the vena cavea. After the ventricular contraction, the ventricles also relax awaiting to be filled with blood from the atria5. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system is part of the cardiovascular system and is divided into the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart9. The systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and brings back deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart9. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava and flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary veins and enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve. It is the pumped through the aortic valve, to the aorta then through the arteries to the rest of the body. It is evident that oxygen is very important in metabolic activity of the body cells3,9. Transport of oxygen by the cardiovascular system The red blood cells. One of the functions of the cardiovascular system is to distribute oxygen around the body. Oxygen is carried in blood by the red blood cells. Understanding the structure of the red blood cells will help us to understand how it is able to carry oxygen. The molecule of a red blood cell is composed of four polypeptide chains with each polypeptide chain having an iron-containing heme group. Each of the four iron atoms can combine reversibly with oxygen according to the equation: O2+Hbà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ HbO2. It is therefore possible that each molecule of hemoglobin can carry up to four molecules of oxygen1b,2b. Oxygen uptake Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated. In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher than that in the blood and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is lower than that in the blood. The pressure differences make it possible for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the blood, thus binding to the iron in the hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide on the other hand diffuses from the blood to the lungs. Carrying oxygen, blood is returned to the left atria then to the left ventricle which pumps it to the rest of the body2c. Oxygen release: In the tissues and organs, the cells are undergoing metabolism, continually consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. This means that the intracellular partial pressure of oxygen is lower than that in the blood and the intracellular partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher than that in the blood. Again the pressure differences make it possible for oxygen to diffuse from the blood to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the blood, binding again with the iron in the hemoglobin. Therefore, as blood flows around the body, it continually distributes oxygen2c,6. BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEART Coronary flow In order to perform its functions, the heart an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients and therefore needs a dedicated supply of blood. Coronary circulation is that part of the systemic circulation that provides blood supply to the heart. Just as the aorta leaves the left ventricle, it gives of the right and left coronary arteries9. The left coronary artery divides into smaller braches supplying blood to the apex and the posterior side of the heart, the ventricles and part of the anterior interventricular septum, the left atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery supplies the lateral aspect of the right atrium and ventricle, the posterior wall of both ventricles and the SA node9,10. Effect of reduced coronary flow on cardiac function The energy demand of the cardiac muscle is so crucial that an interruption of blood supply to any part of the myocardium can cause necrosis within minutes9. A decrease in coronary flow to levels below normal is called myocardial ischemia. The ischemia can be caused by vascular spasms of the coronary arteries, atherosclerosis or increased activity of the heart beyond levels that the coronary arteries can supply10. Temporary or reversible obstruction of coronary blood flow can cause chest pain known as angina pectoris9. Chronic myocardial ischemia can lead to myocardial infarction where myocardial cells die and are replaced by scar tissue. Reduced coronary flow therefore can affect cardiac function in several ways. If the heart is not able to meet its metabolic demand, it can be understood that it will not be able to pump enough blood to the body. Reduced blood flow to the rest of the body can result in serious physiological and pathological conditions which are beyond the scope of this essay. With the death of some cardiac cells as in the case of chronic ischemia, several other life threatening conditions can arise which affect cardiac function. One of such dangerous conditions is ventricular fibrillation which is an abnormal pulse generation triggered by the damaged myocardial cells. The heart will not be able to pump blood but will just quiver around without any net output. Death can occur within minutes2b,6. Treatment of reduced coronary flow Other immediate effects like ventricular fibrillation caused by reduced coronary flow can be treated by defibrillation. However, the main cause of reduced coronary flow is coronary artery occlusion or restriction and the following treatment options are available: Coronary bypass: This is a surgical technique where the occluded coronary artery is cut and replaced by a new blood vessel, usually a vein taken from somewhere in the patients body2b. Coronary balloon angiography (cardiac catheterization): This is another surgical procedure where a catheter containing a balloon at its tip is passed into the occluded artery. The balloon is enlarged thus stretching the artery and opening it in the process2b. The use vasodilator drugs such as nitroglycerine: These drugs dilate the coronary artery thereby lowering the total peripheral resistance. This reduces the work the heart must do in ejecting blood. This is usually given to people who have already suffered myocardial infarction to reduce the risk of another occurance2b,10. A person at risk of myocardial infarction can be put a low cholesterol, low fat diet to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and takes aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clot formation. Conclusion The cardiovascular system is one of the most important systems of the body. All the other systems and organs of the body depend on it for supply of oxygen and nutrients and removal of metabolic wastes. The heart acts as a pump to make sure blood is circulated to all parts of the body through pulmonary and systemic circulations9. However, the heart itself needs supply of blood in order to perform its main function of pumping blood and the heart is supplied by the coronary circulation. Reduction in coronary flow means the heart will not be able to meet it metabolic needs and therefore cannot pump enough blood. This can adversely affect normal activity of the body and cause death10. References Sherwood L. Fundamentals of physiology a human perspective. St. Paul Minn: West publishing company; 1991.190-199 1b. Sherwood L. Fundamentals of physiology a human perspective. St. Paul Minn: West publishing company; 1991.263-266 Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human physiology, the mechanisms of body function, seventh edition. Boston: McGrow-Hill; 1998. 387-389. 2b. Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human physiology, the mechanisms of body function, seventh edition. Boston: McGrow-Hill; 1998. 374-377. 2c. Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human physiology, the mechanisms of body function, seventh edition. Boston: McGrow-Hill; 1998. 479-483. Koeppen M B, Stanton A B. Berne and Levy physiology, sixth edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier; 2008. 289-303 Serguei Semenov (2009): Lecture notes. Physiological measurements, ecg/pacemakers/defibrillators. Cohen J B, Wood L D. Structure and function of the human body, seventh edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. 195-204. Vandegriff K.D, Benazzi L, Ripamonti M, Perrella M, Tellier Le Y.C, Zegna A, Winslow R M. Determination of the rate and equilibrium constants for oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to R-state human Hemoglobin,199: The journal of Biological Chemistry ; 266 (26): 17049-17059 Elaine N M, Katja H. Human anatomy and physiology, seventh edition. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings; 2007.674-681 Sherwood L. Human physiology: from cells to systems, sixth edition. Belmont, CA: homson/Brooks/Cole; 2007.300-304 Saladin K S. Anatomy and physiology: The unity of form and function, fifth edition. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2009.683-755 Stanfield C L, Germann W J, Niles J N, Cannon J G. Principles of human physiology, third edition. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings; 2009. 361-366 Skeletal Muscle Question: Describe the structure of skeletal muscle and how it contracts (90) and discuss a disease that may arise from this system (10) The structure of skeletal muscle and the mechanism of muscle contraction including muscle disease (1553 Words) 1.0 ABSTRACT Skeletal Muscle is a form of fibrous tissue with the fibers arranged parallel to each other. A muscle fiber (cell) is surrounded by the endomysium. A group of these cells is wrapped by fascicles. Bundles of fascicles are covered by the perimysium and bundles of the perimysium are wrapped by the epimysium to form a muscle. The muscle fibers have contractile properties which enable them to move bony levers in order to produce skeletal movement1. The functional unit of the muscle fiber is the sacomere which consists of most importantly, actin and myosin. The actin and myosin are arranged such that during contraction, they can slide over each other thus shortening the muscle2. Muscles suffer from many diseases, one of which is polymyositis. This is an inflammatory myopathy that affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and those around the torso. It affects all age groups but has been noticed mainly in late childhood and early adulthood. The sypmtomps are nonspecific but results in general muscle weakness and the cause, though believed to be an invasion by the white blood cells, is not very clear10. 2.0 The Structure of Skeletal Muscle. In daily life, structures and arrangements of designs are dictated, to a large extent by the purpose and function for which the design is meant for. Knowing that skeletal muscle is made up mainly of fibrous tissues, the arrangement of these tissues and how they are bound together to maintain a particular shape in order to accomplish different purposes (mainly to generate force and produce movement) may to a large extent, define the structure of the muscle4. At a macro level, the skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of individual muscle fibers, the supporting structure called the basal lamina, and the connective tissue sheaths as shown in figure 1. These connective tissues bind the cells together giving them strength and partly providing mechanical protection2. We can examine these connective tissues and their functions as follows: 2.1 The basal lamina. This is an extracellular matrix that acts as a scaffold on which a cell sits. It has been realized that apart from providing structural support, the basal lamina can orient and constrain cell during the process of regeneartion3. 2.2 The endomysium. This is a fine sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell. The endomysium consist of loosely interlacing fibers composed mainly of collagen4. 2.3 The perimysium and fascilces. The individual muscle fibers wrapped by the endomysium, are grouped together in what is called fascicles. A layer of fibrous tissue called the perimysium wraps each fascicle4. 2.4 The epimysium. This is the outside layer that finally wraps the whole muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue4. Figure 1 Source: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Muscular/muscle_structure.jpg 3.0 The muscle cell Having described how individual muscle cells are organized into a muscle, it is imperative that we look at the structural composition of the cell itself. Just like many other cells in the body are specialized according to their functions, skeletal muscle cells are specialized to produce force and movement5. The skeletal muscle fiber is thus composed of mainly three structural elements:-the myofibrils, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, each contributing a unique aspect of muscle function. The entire function of the muscle can be attributed to the shifts in proportions of these three structures6. 3.1 The Myofibrills. These are cylindrical specialized sub-units within the muscle fiber. They consist of two types of contractile protein filaments-the thin filaments referred to as actin and the thick filaments referred to as myosin. The two most important parameters of the myofibrils are their diameter which determines its strength and the fiber length which determines it contraction velocity and distance over which the fiber can contract. The myofibril consist of two filaments-actin and myosin6,2. 3.1.1 Actin (thin filament). Actin filaments are responsible for regulation of contraction. The actin filament is formed by a helical arranged of actin monomers which is an ambiguous protein2 (figure 2). Because of the helical nature, a long grove is formed along the filament and the protein troponin is located at intervals along the length of the actin filament. It is troponin which is responsible for turning on contraction2,7. Figure 2.The actin molecule. Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/Muscleslidingfilament1.gif 3.1.2 The Myosin (thick filament). Myosin filament is about 150nm long. It has a tail and two heads. The tail is formed by two helical shaped fibers that coil around each other. A collection of several of these helical tails together form a myosin filament (figure 3)4b. Figure 3. The myosin molecule. Source: http://webanatomy.net/anatomy/myosin.jpg. 3.2 The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Groups of about 200 thick and thin filaments constitute a myofibril. Each myofibril is thus enclosed in a membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum8. The SR membrane stores and releases calcium during muscle contraction and relaxation. The SR can therefore be thought of as the functional unit of the myofibril9. 3.3 The mitochondria. Found within the cell cytoplasm, the mitochondria are responsible for generation of most of the cells energy by the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There are several mitochondria distributed along the length of a myofibril4. 4.0 The mechanism of muscle contraction Muscle contraction can largely be attributed to the structure of actin and myosin, their arrangement within the SR and the interaction between them in order to produce force (Figure 4). This type of arrangement allows the thin actin filaments to slide in and out by the action pull of the myosin heads8b. Figure 4. Actin and myosin arrangement: Source: http://www.exrx.net/Images/ActinMyosin.gif Muscles are composed of a number of actin and myosin filaments arranged in series in a basic unit called the sacomere. The sacomere consists of a thick filament in the meddle and two thin filaments, one overlapping on each side. The heads of the thick filament attach to the thin filament at the overlap and these heads allow movement in only one direction. When activated, each thick filament head rachets repeatedly along the actin, pulling the two actins closer together. Since the actin are attached to the Z line (The distance between two Z lines form the sacomere), ends of the sacomere (Z lines) are pulled in and the sacomere shortens. The sacomeres are arranged in series so that when the muscle fiber contracts, all the sacomeres contract simultaneously transmitting the force to the end of the muscle. The whole process of contraction described above occurs when the muscle is electrically stimulated2b. 5.0 Muscle stimulation. Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. The reception of the motor stimulus (action potential) opens the calcium channels allowing calcium which is stored in the SR to be released. The release of calcium causes the release of acetylcholine-Ach (neurotransmitter). The calcium binds to the troponin on the actin filament. Troponin then regulates the tropomyosin which obstructs binding sites for myosin. This allows the tropomyosin to move, unblocking the bonding site. Myosin then binds to the unblocked site on the actin and applies a pull. This will pull the Z bands towards each other thus shortening the sacomere, causing muscle contraction2b. However, as calcium is released, the ATP-dependent calcium pump is activated and it continuously pumps calcium back to the SR to be stored again. This leads to a drop in calcium level within the cytoplasm. When the calcium level is too low, the calcium binding action to troponin is terminated, releasing tropomyosin which again blocks the binding site. This stops the interaction between actin and myosin thus relaxing the muscle2b. 6.0 Muscle Diseases There are a number of muscular diseases and disorders ranging from acquired, familial to congenital. Limiting ourselves to one of the acquired disorders of the muscles, lets look at polymyositis. 6.1 Polymyositis (PM). PM is a type of muscle inflammatory myopathy. Just like the name suggests, this disease causes inflammation of the muscle fiber. Although the causes of the disease are not well understood, it is believed that PM begins when white blood cells, spontaneously invade muscles. This can result in severe muscle weakness. Polymyositis is a persistent disease characterized by periods of increased and reduced or no symptoms. PM affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and is more common in women than men. It is said to affect all age groups although is it commonly noted in early childhood or 20s10. Key pathologic and diagnostic features of the disease. Endomysial inflammation. This is the inflammation of the outer connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber. This is done by the white blood cells that leave the blood and enter the tissue, somehow confirming the earlier assertion that the PM begins when white blood cells invade muscles. Invasion of myofibers by autoaggressive lymphocytes. This is when the T lymphocytes begin to attack the intact myofibers. Unlike in muscle dystrophy where inflammation is associated with degenerating myofibers, the invasion of T lymphocytes causes inflammation of health myofibers in PM.This causes inflammation of healthy myofibers. Other diagnostic features that may not be exactly specific to PM include myofiber necrosis, myophagocytosis, myofiber atrophy and fibrosis, a feature of chronic PM10,11. 7.0 Conclusion Human movement is only possible because of the action of muscle contraction. Voluntary contraction of muscle is made possible by the somatic nervous system which sends out an action potential activating the contraction process. The process is accomplished by the sliding of myosin and actin over each other. Many diseases and disorders affect muscles, prominent among them is muscular polymyosis which causes inflammation of the muscles mainly around the torso. Its believed to be caused by the unwanted action of the white blood cells and the symptoms include muscle weakness.